School-Based Health
Centers - Effectiveness
The Picture of Health: State
and Community Leaders on School-Based Health Care
Kids Need More Health Care
Children
generally are the picture of health. And when they do become sick or
are injured, most children also have access to a health care professional.
However, too many children in the United States, particularly children
from poor families, are at risk for multiple health problems. For example,
poor children may experience two-to-three times the usual incidence
for certain medical conditions, many of which are preventable. The most
common health problems affecting children today include injuries, chronic
illnesses such as asthma, and mental health problems. In addition, kids
are engaging more frequently in risky behaviors that may lead to health
problems, including smoking, binge drinking, and unsafe sex.
The number of children at risk for poor health has increased
as children have lost access to care because their parents have lost
their health insurance. Currently, about 16 percent, or 11 million,
of America's children are uninsured. Even for children who do have health
insurance, barriers to care exist. For example, parents may be unable
to miss work to take their child to see a doctor. And in many low-income
communities, health care facilities are few and often inadequate.
The national, state, and community leaders whose thoughts
are captured on these pages believe school-based health centers to be
part of the solution to these problems. They represent countless leaders
across the country who have committed energy and resources to "making
it happen."
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"Today's children
and adolescents face more complicated problems than previous generations.
This is clear to me from the letters I receive from teenagers
who are struggling, often alone, with problems they shouldn't
have to face. School-based health centers can help these kids
by providing medical care so they can remain physically fit and
mentally healthy."
Ann Landers, Syndicated Columnist
"We tend to think
of adolescence as the healthiest time of life, but the shocking
fact is in my professional lifetime the health of every age group
of American society has improved except for teenagersŠ When I
was Surgeon General, many of the public health issues I dealt
with - smoking, AIDS, alcohol, pregnancy, depression - had an
alarming adolescent dimension. . .We need to start thinking of
health and education as interlocking spheres. After all, isn't
school the best place for a primary health care facility - available,
convenient, confidential, and responsive not only to the adolescent,
but to the family?"
C. Everett Koop, M.D., Former U.S.
Surgeon General
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"The fact that 40
percent of children in this nation do not receive preventive health
care services is indicative of so much that is wrong with our
health care system. We are missing so many opportunities to improve
the nation's health. It can be such a simple thing. We need to
begin interventions before families start to break down. We need
to actively reach out to kids and teach them that they can help
themselves. We need to offer culturally appropriate services that
build on the strengths of children and their families. If implemented
appropriately, school-based health centers offer a logical place
to undertake these activities."
T. Berry Brazelton, M.D., Pediatrician
and Author
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Families and Communities are Making it Happen
Over the
last two decades, communities across the country have created school-based
health centers in response to troubling statistics on children's health
status. From Portland, Maine to Portland, Oregon, local leaders representing
diverse interests have forged alliances to improve access to comprehensive
health care services for school-age children. Numbering less than 50
in the early 1980s, school-based health centers are now operating in
more than 900 schools around the nation. They are found in all types
of schools - elementary and secondary; rural, urban, and suburban. They
are organized by a variety of sponsors - hospitals, community health
centers, school districts, and public health departments. And they are
supported by diverse community organizations.
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"When the school-based
health center opened at Central High, I was right there on the
advisory board to make sure parents' concerns were listened to.
And we got students involved as advisors too. It's been a great
success and a real relief to me. Knowing the staff is there helps
me accept my child's growing independence."
Terri Vega, Parent and President,
Central High School PTA, Bridgeport, Connecticut
"As chair of the
newly formed Baltimore City Advisory Board for School-Based Health
Centers, I am delighted to participate in this significant effort.
The centers are instrumental in helping children stay in school
and be successful in their education. And that's good for the
community."
Andy Tomko, Business Information
Systems Project, Baltimore Gas and Electric Company
"When Cabrini opened
its first school-based health center in 1995 at Northwood K-12
school, 98 percent of the parents gave permission for their children
to be treated there. The school board and principal were extremely
supportive. It was a perfect example of how a private-public partnership
can benefit the community. Our experience at Northwood has confirmed
our belief in school-based health centers. That is why we're opening
three more in central Louisiana."
Sister Olive Bordelon, President
& CEO, St. Frances Cabrini Hospital, Alexandria, Louisiana
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"After proving that
the school-based health centers were needed, we gained strong
support from both the school board and school district. Today,
there are 11 school-based health centers in Multnomah County.
And of the $3.2 million annual budget that supports the centers,
$2.5 million is supplied by the county. School-based health centers
have really made a big difference in the lives of our kids."
Gretchen Miller Kafoury, City Commissioner,
Portland, Oregon; Former County Commissioner, Multnomah County,
Oregon
"Community development
corporations are about building healthy communities - which start
with healthy people. With four in ten of our neighborhood residents
living without medical insurance, we realized we had a community
at risk. By offering health services in our middle school, we
are able to prevent many long-term health problems - and the costs
associated with them."
Don Softley, Director, Island View
Village Development Corp., Detroit, Michigan
"It takes collaboration
and commitment to build a school-based health center program.
We have eight centers in Denver and many more schools want to
participate. Because five organizations put aside turf issues,
we've been able to help children in ways never possible before."
Roberto Quiroz, CEO, Mental Health
Corporation of Denver, and Chair, Denver School-Based Health Center
Coordinating Council
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States are Making it Happen
The rapid
increase in the number of school-based health centers over the last
decade is due in great part to the interest of state governments. Many
states have adopted policies that recognize the value of school-based
health centers in meeting the health care needs of school-age children.
In 1996, for example, 34 states provided financial support to school-based
health centers through state revenues and federal block grant funds.
In addition, Medicaid offices in a number of states have established
reimbursement policies that facilitate payment for services provided
by the centers. And 21 states have created special offices to provide
technical assistance to communities that are establishing school-based
health centers.
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"When we began encouraging
managed care organizations to contract with school-based health
centers, they asked for some assurances that school-based health
centers' standards of care match their own. So we developed quality
standards on a whole range of issues for school-based health centers.
The state Medicaid office has been quite supportive of our efforts,
and a number of HMOs have negotiated contracts. We continue to
meet with school-based health center and managed care representatives
every month to keep improving the system."
Anne Sheetz, Director of School
Health, Massachusetts Department of Health
"School-based health
centers are a key component in New York's efforts to improve the
health of children and families. Approximately 150,000 New York
children rely on school-based health centers for primary health
care needs. These centers provide students with immediate access
to comprehensive services to address critical health and mental
health problems."
Governor George Pataki, State of
New York
"School-based health
centers provide a comfortable setting for kids, and there's no
traveling involved. They're a very sensible idea. In designing
Maryland's Medicaid managed care program, we made sure that school-based
health centers will be eligible for Medicaid and that managed
care organizations cannot refuse to contract with them."
Rep. Marilyn Goldwater, Maryland
House of Representatives
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"West Virginia offers
managed care plans an increased capitation rate if they contract
with public providers, including school-based health centers.
We're trying to enhance support for public providers to make sure
they maintain their critical role in taking health care beyond
the doctor's office."
Henry G. Taylor, MD, MPH, Commissioner,
West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
"I'm very excited
about what we're doing with school-based health centers in Umatilla
County. So many of the children we saw in Juvenile Court came
from dysfunctional families, and their needs for health care were
all too apparent. With the availability of school-based health
centers, they have the opportunity to secure at least basic care.
Some of our problem children might even stay in school to take
advantage of the health care."
Robert B. Abrams, Retired Juvenile
Judge, Circuit Court of Oregon
"The Louisiana legislature
was debating a $2.65 million direct allocation to schools that
had been recommended for school-based health centers. I was very
involved in encouraging the governor not to veto this legislation,
and he was very willing to consider the facts. I believe that
providing health care to students who would not otherwise have
an opportunity to receive care is critical."
Senator Jay Dardenne, Louisiana State
Legislature
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Health Care Providers are Making it Happen
School-based
health centers are staffed by a multi-disciplinary team of health care
professionals, each of whom can address a broad range of problems. The
full-time staff typically includes a nurse practitioner or physician
assistant, a medical assistant, a social worker, and administrative
personnel. In addition, a part-time pediatrician or family practitioner
may be augmented by a part-time nutritionist, dental hygienist, substance
abuse counselor, or conflict resolution counselor.
This team is responsible not only for providing medical
and mental health services, but also for coordinating care with students'
personal physicians and/or managed care plans; serving as liaisons between
parents, teachers, and students; acting as community advocates for children;
conducting health promotion activities at school and in the community;
and much more. As school-based providers, they have assumed responsibility
for the overall well-being of their patients - a much broader role than
is typical of most health care practitioners.
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"More than one-third
of the problems that students bring to school-based health centers
are related to mental health. Prevention and early intervention
for these problems are critical to helping students become successful
learners. The centers provide continuity of care and coordination
of a full range of services. School administrators, teachers,
counselors, social workers, nurses, and other professionals work
in concert with community providers to make sure students get
the best possible care."
Steve Adelsheim, MD, Director of
School Mental Health Initiative, New Mexico Department of Health
"School-based health
centers are an important way for managed care organizations to
reach teens. Kaiser has helped support two school-based health
centers in the Denver area, and now we're looking at a third.
In a study of how adolescents used school-based health centers,
we learned that our teens with access to the school-based health
centers used emergency rooms and other hospital services less
than those who did not have access to the school services."
Maureen Hanrahan, Director of Community
Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Colorado Region
"With a 27-year
career in school nursing, I have seen many missed opportunities
for preventive health: hearing problems were detected but kids
weren't getting treatment; asthmatics without access to a physician
used the emergency room rather than get preventive services. We
created the Sunshine Health Center in a large middle school to
improve our students' health regardless of their ability to pay
for care."
Phyllis F. Bricker, RN, BSN, Certified
School Nurse, Supervisor of Medical Services, Portsmouth City
Schools, Portsmouth, Virginia
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"I serve on the
advisory board for the Asheville High School health center. To
my knowledge, there's been no concern among local doctors about
the center's effect on access to patients or referrals. First,
the health of these kids is significantly enhanced by school-based
health care. Second, the clinic's discovery of complicated illnesses
and problems and the referral of those problems to community physicians
mean there is a partnership in care. And, third, these kids were
not being seen by any health care provider so it's not like the
doctors are losing anything."
Olson Huff, MD, President, North
Carolina Chapter, American Academy of Pediatrics
"Our school-based
health center provides an invaluable service to a lot of kids
who would not otherwise have access to health care. We provide
medical care, but we also provide treatment for mental health
problems. This includes counseling for family problems, abuse,
and behavioral issues. The students really appreciate the care
they receive and they keep coming back."
Stacy Bower, CNP, Nurse Practitioner,
San Fernando High School, California
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Educators are Making it Happen
Thirty years
ago, pioneering educators and health professionals began to team up
to develop new ways to help students overcome the health and social
problems that create barriers to learning. One innovation that emerged
from these education/health partnerships is the school-based health
center. Working with teachers, school administrators, and, if they are
on staff, school nurses and counselors, the centers are helping students
remain healthy so that they stay in school and learn to become productive
members of their community. This is why school faculty and staff account
for more than half of all patient referrals to school-based health centers.
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"From an educator's
perspective, it's important for schools to be concerned with a
child's health because healthy children are more effective learners.
For parents, it is very reassuring to know that their local school
is concerned not only with reading and writing, but is also looking
out for their child's health and well-being. In my school district,
there are now 12 school-based health centers serving approximately
9,800 students."
William Casey, Superintendent, Community
School District 15, Brooklyn, New York
"Our school-based
health center is one of the things that I've been most excited
about in 33 years of teaching. This is something that is changing
lives. I became involved with the center a few years ago as a
volunteer, doing office work or whatever was needed. Now, I teach
parenting classes at the clinic two nights a week. We're helping
parents to teach their children to be responsible."
Carolyn Brooks, First Grade Teacher,
Edwin J. Kiest Elementary School, Dallas, Texas
"Our Wellness Center
offers a variety of beneficial services to students. Preventive
health programs are cost-effective, especially at the community
level."
Margaret Sparks, Guidance Counselor,
Lake Forest High School, Felton, Delaware
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"In 1986, when the
Dade County school board approved the opening of a health center
in a high school, it was so controversial that our school board
auditorium was searched for bombs on the day we took our final
vote. Despite the controversy, the health center was successful
and we now have health centers in 11 Dade County schools. School-based
health care is so established that private companies and public
agencies throughout the county see this as a way to make a positive
impact on their community."
Janet McAliley, School Board Member,
Dade County, Florida
"Our school asked
the city and a local hospital to join us in an unprecedented partnership
to create a school-based health center. Our success has come from
the willingness of all of the partners to lend resources and expertise
- particularly the hospital, which has taken responsibility for
almost all of the health center's medical providers and makes
sure they become part of the hospital family."
Jason Edgecombe, Assistant to the
Superintendent, Evanston Township High School, Evanston, Illinois
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For more information,
please contact:
Making the Grade
The School of Public Health and Health Services
The George Washington University
1350 Connecticut Avenue, NW #505
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: 202-466-3396
Fax: 202-466-3467